The history of Colombia includes the
settlements and society by indigenous peoples most notably the
Muisca Confederation Quimbaya Civilization and Tairona Chiefdoms;
the Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and
colonization most noteworthy being Spanish conquest of the Muisca;
ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada with its capital
at Bogotá. Independence from Spain was won in 1819 but by 1830 the
"Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and
Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation
experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858)
and then the United States of Colombia (1863) before the Republic
of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903.
Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric
low-intensity armed conflict which escalated in the 1990s but then
decreased from 2005 onward. The legacy of Colombia's history has
resulted in one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse
countries in the world giving rise to a rich cultural heritage;
while varied geography and the imposing landscape of the country
has resulted in the development of very strong regional
identities.
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