World History
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Human history is the narrative of humankind's past. Modern humans
evolved in Africa around 300000 years ago and initially lived as
hunter-gatherers. They migrated out of Africa during the Last
Glacial Period (Ice Age) and had populated most of the Earth by the
time the Ice Age ended 12000 years ago.
Soon afterward the Agricultural Revolution began in the fertile river valleys of West Asia: humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals and many humans transitioned from a nomadic life to a sedentary existence as farmers in permanent settlements. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing.
During the late Bronze Age Hinduism developed in the Indian subcontinent while the Axial Age witnessed the growth and institutionalization of religions such as Buddhism Confucianism Jainism Judaism Taoism and Zoroastrianism. As civilizations flourished ancient history saw the rise and fall of empires. Subsequent post-classical history the "Middle Ages" from about 500 to 1500 CE witnessed the rise of Christianity and Islam.
The early modern period from about 1500 to 1800 CE saw the Age of Discovery and the Age of Enlightenment. By the 18th century the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period which started around 1800 CE and continues.
The foregoing historical periodization (prehistory followed by the ancient post-classical early modern and late modern periods) applies best to the history of Europe. Elsewhere including China and India historical timelines unfolded differently up to the 18th century. By then however due to extensive international trade and colonization the histories of most civilizations had become substantially intertwined. Over the last quarter-millennium the rates of growth of human populations agriculture industry commerce scientific knowledge technology communications weapons destructiveness and environmental degradation have greatly accelerated.
Soon afterward the Agricultural Revolution began in the fertile river valleys of West Asia: humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals and many humans transitioned from a nomadic life to a sedentary existence as farmers in permanent settlements. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing.
During the late Bronze Age Hinduism developed in the Indian subcontinent while the Axial Age witnessed the growth and institutionalization of religions such as Buddhism Confucianism Jainism Judaism Taoism and Zoroastrianism. As civilizations flourished ancient history saw the rise and fall of empires. Subsequent post-classical history the "Middle Ages" from about 500 to 1500 CE witnessed the rise of Christianity and Islam.
The early modern period from about 1500 to 1800 CE saw the Age of Discovery and the Age of Enlightenment. By the 18th century the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period which started around 1800 CE and continues.
The foregoing historical periodization (prehistory followed by the ancient post-classical early modern and late modern periods) applies best to the history of Europe. Elsewhere including China and India historical timelines unfolded differently up to the 18th century. By then however due to extensive international trade and colonization the histories of most civilizations had become substantially intertwined. Over the last quarter-millennium the rates of growth of human populations agriculture industry commerce scientific knowledge technology communications weapons destructiveness and environmental degradation have greatly accelerated.
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